Organization of Body

Cell

The cell is the basic structural and functional of living organism. Cell has many types but all the cells has same basic structure and some functions. There are three basic structures of the cell which are cytoplasm, cell membrane and nucleus. Lets watch this video below about the cell.

Lists below are the cell structure and their definitions.

• Cytoplasm - clear and gelatinous materials that form substances of a cell.
• Mitochondria - a small rod-like shaped that consists of inner membrane, outer membrane, cristae and matrix which generate energy, ATP.
• Nucleus - command centre of a cell.
• Cell membrane - thin layer of tissues that covering the contents of cells.
• Ribosomes - tiny structures that contains high content of ribosomal RNA.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - network of membrane in the form of flattened sacs of tubules.
• Lysosomes - membrane-enclosed vesicles that formed from Golgi body.
• Peroxisomes - small body contains oxidase or reducing agent.
• Golgi body - an organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell consists of cisternae that involved in packaging, modifying and delivering lipids and proteins.
• Centrioles - paired-cylindrical structure that contain centrosomes which consisting of  a ring of microtubules and arranged in a right-angled positions.

In addition, there are terms for transportation across the cell membrane and also describing the ion channels.

1. The passive transport is transport across plasma membrane into a cell that do not required any energy, ATP. 



Figure 1.7 The passive transport

• Diffusion - a passive process which there is a net of movement molecules or ions from high concentration to lower concentration until reach an equilibrium.
• Facilitated diffusion - passive movement of a substances down to its gradient through lipid bilayer by trans-membrane protein.
• Osmosis - movement of water molecules across the selectively permeable membrane from a high water concentration to lower water concentration.

2. The active process is the movement of the substances against its concentration which requires cellular energy, ATP.

Figure 1.8 Active transport.

• Active transport - movement of a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient by trans-membrane protein as carriers and ATP is used.
• Endocytosis - movement of substances into a cells in vesicles.
• Exocytosis - movement of substances out of the cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release its content to extracellular fluid.
• Phagocytosis - movement of a solid particle into a cell after pseudopods engulf it to form phagosome.
• Pinocytosis - cellular drinking

Figure 1.9 Active transports

Tissues

 The table below represents the terms of tissues.

Tissue	Layer of similar specialized cells that joined together to perform specific functions.
Histology	Study of the structure, composition and function of tissues.
Epithelial tissues	Continuous sheets of epithelial cells arranged in either single layer or multiple layers.
Epithelium	Specialized epithelial tissues forms epidermis of skin and surface layer of mucous membranes.
Connective tissues	Fibrous substances that form supportive tissues of body.
Endothelium	Specialized epithelial tissues lining the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs.
Muscle tissues	Layer of specialized muscle cells with ability to contracts and relaxes.
Adipose tissues	Layer of fats.
Nerves tissues	Specialized nerve cells that form tissues to perform impulse transmitting.

Table 1   Terms of tissues

Body Regions & Cavities

Body Regional Terms
The regional terms are used to designate the specific area from the major body divisions as illustrated in figure below.

Figure 1.4 Regional terms used for designate specific body areas

 



 

Anterior				Posterior
Term	Meaning	Term	Meaning	Term	Meaning
Frontal	Forehead	Buccal	Cheek	Dorsum of foot	Back of foot
Facial	Face	Mental	Chin	Occipital	Back of head
Cervical	Neck	Antecubital	Elbow front	Scapular	Shoulder blade
Pectoral	Chest	Pelvic	Pelvis	Vertebral	Spinal
Acromial	Shoulder point	Pollex	Thumb	Lumbar	Lower back
Brachial	Arm	Digital	Fingers/ toe	Sacral	Between hip
Thoracic	Chest	Mammary	Breast	Gluteal	Buttock
Cubital	Elbow	Fibular	Side of leg	Dorsum of hand	Back of hand
Sternal	Breastbone	Hallux	Great toe	Perineal	Between anus and genitalia
Abdominal	Abdomen	Pedal	Foot	Popliteal	Posterior knee
Umbilical	Navel	Tarsal	Ankle	Calcaneal	Heel
Antebrachial	Forearm	Pubic	Genital	Cephalic	Head
Inguinal	Groin	Femoral	Thigh	Otic	Ear
Coxal	Hip	Patellar	Anterior knee	Dorsal	Back
Carpal	Wrist	Crural	Leg	Olecranal	Back of elbow
Palmar	Palm	Nasal	Nose	Sural	Calf
Axillary	Armpit	Orbital	Eye	Plantar	Sole`

Table 1.2 Regional terms and meanings. 

 

 

 



Body Cavities

Cavity is the hollow space or body compartment. The body cavity is divided by two parts which are dorsal cavity and ventral cavity. Dorsal cavity contain cranial cavity and spinal cavity while ventral cavity contain abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Figure 1.5 The body cavities

• Cranial cavity - space in the head that contains brain with cranial bones.
• Vertebral cavity - space containing spinal cords and also the beginning of spinal nerves.
• Thoracic cavity - space that contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum.
•  Pleural cavity - spaces which each of them surrounds a lung.
• Pericardial cavity - spaces that surrounds the heart.
• Mediastinum - central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs containing  heart, thymus, oesophagus, trachea, and blood vessels.  
• Abdominopelvic cavity - body compartment that has two cavities as single unit ; abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
• Abdominal cavity - hollow space that contains major digestive organs.
• Pelvic cavity - space formed by hip bones & contains reproductive and excretory systems.

 

 

Regions and Quadrants of The Abdominopelvic Cavity

These two standards of terminology universally used by doctors to describe the middle portion of the body (abdominal and pelvic cavities). Figure 1.6 illustrates the abdominopelvic regions and quadrants.

 

Figure 1.6 The abdominopelvic region and abdominopelvic quadrants.

• Hypochondriac region - area of the left and right sides of the body in the part of below of ribs.
• Epigastric region - area of the body immediately above the stomach.
• Lumbar region - area of the left and right sides of the body in part of back between ribs and pelvis.
• Umbilical region - area that surrounds the navel.
• Iliac region - left and right area of the body that located over the hip bones.
• Hypogastric region - area below the stomach.

                      

 



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

 

 

Introduction

The human body, of course has many bends and protrusions. This makes the anatomist difficult to describe the body structures. To prevent misunderstanding, the anatomist use universally accepted terms to identify body structures precisely and with minimum words. That's why the language of anatomy is presented.
    Before that, there are some basic terms we should know.

• anatomy- study of  the structures and shape of the body and its parts
• physiology- study of how the body and its parts work or function
• gross anatomy - large structures and easily observable
• micro anatomy- very small structures and can only seen under microscope

Anatomical Positions, Planes & Directions

Anatomical Positions

The body supposed to be in erect posture with arms hanging by sides and the palms of hands are directed forward.There are two body positions which are prone and supine positions.

• prone position- body is lying with face down.
• supine position - body is lying on  plane with face up.

Figure 1.0 The body position

  

                                                                     

Anatomical Planes

 Figure 1.2 Body planes

Plane	Definitions
Frontal or coronal plane (“crown”)	v  It is perpendicular to median plane. v  Divides the whole body into the front and back halves of body.
Transverse	v  Divide the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts
Sagittal	v  It divides body into left and right parts v  Mid-sagittal plan (median plane), pass through midline and divide body into left and right parts. v  Parasagittal, off to one side and divide body into unequal right and left parts

 Table 1.0 Body planes and definition

Anatomical Directions
Directional terms describe the positions of one structure or part of the body relative to another part or structure of body. directional terms can be describe as shown figure shown below.

Figure 1.3 Body directions.

Term	Definition
Anterior or ventral	Nearer to front of the body or toward the front
Posterior or dorsal	After, behind or toward the back
Inferior or caudal	Below or at a lower level
Proximal	Closer to the origin
Distal	Away from the center of body
Medial	Toward the mid-line of body
Ipsilateral	On the same side of body
Deep	Away from surface of body
Superficial	Toward or at the body surface
Intermediate	Between two structure



Table 1.1 Directional terms and explanation